Item Description

Made by high-energy electricity. Described as the "workhorse mineral." A cofactor for at least 13 enzymes, copper drives a crucial array of chemical reactions that underpin human health and development.

Discounts: 3-5 bottles 20%, 6-9 bottles 30%, 10 or more bottles 40%.

• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm-3: 1.01
  • Bone/p.p.m: 1-26
  • Liver/p.p.m: 30
  • Muscle/p.p.m: 10
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.50-6 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 72 mg

• Discoverer: Known to ancient civilization
• Discovery Location: Unknown
• Discovery Year: Unknown
• Name Origin:

  Latin: cyprium (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).

• Abundance of Copper:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 50
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 0.00008
    • Atlantic Deep: 0.00012
    • Pacific Surface: 0.00008
    • Pacific Deep: 0.00028
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 1.15
• Sources of Copper:

  Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually copper found in such minerals as azurite, malachite and bornite and in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O). Copper is obtained by smelting, leaching and by electrolysis. Annual world production is around 6,540,000 tons. Primary mining areas are in USA, Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Russia and Australia.

• Uses of Copper:

  Most often used as an electrical conductor. Its alloys are used in jewelry, bronze sculptures and for coins. The skin of the Statue of Liberty is made of copper.

• Additional Notes:

  Copper is a very interesting element. It is one of the transition elements that actually uses electrons from one of the inner orbitals in chemical reactions. In addition, it has more than one oxidation state. Like many of the transition elements, copper has a colored ion. Copper typically forms a bluish green solution. Copper (Cu) has two valences Cu I (cuprous) has one valence electron and Cu II (cupric) has two valence electrons. Copper was one of the earliest known metals, having reportedly been mined for over 5000 years. In nature it has two isotopes, 63 (69.09%), which has 29 electrons and protons and 34 neutrons, and 65 (30.91%), which has 29 electrons and protons and 36 neutrons. Brass and bronze are alloys of copper.